What are the potential side effects of statins?

The potential side effects of statins are primarily related to muscle, liver function, and gastrointestinal health. Statins work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is critical in cholesterol synthesis, leading to lower levels of LDL cholesterol. While effective in reducing cardiovascular risks, statins can sometimes cause adverse effects.

Muscle pain is a significant concern as statin therapy can lead to myopathy or even rhabdomyolysis in rare cases. This muscle-related issue can present as general soreness, weakness, or pain. Additionally, liver enzyme elevations can occur, indicating stress or injury to liver cells, which necessitates monitoring liver function tests during treatment. Gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, diarrhea, or constipation also frequently arise, given the drug's impact on metabolic processes and gut health.

The other choices describe effects that are less commonly associated with statin use. While increased appetite, skin rashes, and memory loss are reported in some cases, they are not strongly linked to statin therapy as muscles, liver enzymes, and gastrointestinal effects are. Statins have been beneficial in cardiovascular health, with their side effects well-characterized, thus providing clear guidance on what patients and healthcare providers should monitor during treatment.